Detection of organ rejection

ABSTRACT

The present invention features methods and compositions for the non-invasive detection of organ rejection using a microRNA score.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/520,426 filed on Nov. 23, 2009, which is a 371 National Phase Entryof International Patent Application No. PCT/US207/026091 filed on Dec.20, 2007 which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/876,076 filed on Dec. 20,2006, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety.

STATEMENT OF RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH

This invention was made with Government support under Grant Nos.CA057341, CA051497 and HL 080174 awarded by the Public HealthServices/National Institutes of Health. The Government has certainrights in this invention

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Each day, about 74 people are recipients of organ transplants. Dependingon the transplanted organ, many, if not all patients experience anepisode of immunorejection. Biopsy of the transplanted organ is onemethod to confirm rejection; however this invasive approach makes itsuboptimal for many patients for a variety of reasons, including patientdiscomfort, inconvenience, low but definite risks of morbidity anddeath, and increased health care costs. Biopsy procedures often sufferfrom sampling errors and variable, subjective pathologicalinterpretation. In addition, there is emerging evidence that atransplanted organ may show a ‘clinical rejection’ despite a ‘normal’pathologic specimen, suggesting a dysregulation that occurs at themolecular level preceding the onset of cellular rejection. Thus,non-invasive monitoring of transplant rejection would provide a lesscostly, and more convenient method of monitoring transplant rejection inpatients. Further, non-invasive monitoring of transplant rejection wouldprovide an earlier means for detecting transplant rejection. However, noalternative to the invasive biopsy procedure currently exists.Accordingly, improved methods and compositions for the non-invasivedetection of organ rejection are needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery thatMicroRNAs can be used for the non-invasive detection of organ rejection.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently discovered class of small,evolutionary conserved non-coding RNA species that have diversebiological functions, including the ability to regulate key genesinvolved in cellular activation and stress response. miRNAs aretypically about 17-23 nucleotides in length, and regulate the stabilityor translational efficiency of target mRNAs.

The present invention features methods and compositions for thenon-invasive detection of organ rejection using a microRNA score. Thus,in one aspect, the invention provides a method for identifying a subjectas having, or having a propensity to develop, organ rejection, themethod comprising: measuring the amount of small non-coding RNAexpression in a biological sample from the subject and detecting analtered amount of expression relative to a reference, therebyidentifying a subject as having, or having a propensity to develop,organ rejection. In one embodiment, the organ rejection occurs aftertransplantation of the organ into the subject.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method for monitoring atransplant recipient at risk for organ rejection, the method comprisingdetermining the amount of small non-coding RNA expression in abiological sample obtained from the recipient, wherein an altered amountof expression relative to a reference indicates that the recipient has,or has a propensity to develop, organ rejection.

According to the invention, the small non-coding RNA can be microRNA.Other examples of small non-coding RNA include transfer RNA (tRNA),ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA(snoRNA), or signal recognition particle RNA complex (SRP). In aspecific embodiment, the small non-coding RNA is selected from the groupconsisting of:

mmu-miR134, (SEQ ID NO: 1) UGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGG, mmu-miR144,(SEQ ID NO: 2) UACAGUAUAGAUGAUGUACUAG, mmu-miR466, (SEQ ID NO: 3)AUACAUACACGCACACAUAAGAC, mmu-miR7, (SEQ ID NO: 4)UGGAAGACUAGUGAUUUUGUUG, mmu-miR346, (SEQ ID NO: 5)UGUCUGCCCGAGUGCCUGCCUCU, mmu-miR468, (SEQ ID NO: 6)UAUGACUGAUGUGCGUGUGUCU, mmu-miR188, (SEQ ID NO: 7)CAUCCCUUGCAUGGUGGAGGGU, mmu-miR298, (SEQ ID NO: 8)GGCAGAGGAGGGCUGUUCUUCC, mmu-miR-467, (SEQ ID NO: 9)AUAUACAUACACACACCUACAC, mmu-miR-292-5p, (SEQ ID NO: 10)ACUCAAACUGGGGGCUCUUUUG, mmu-miR-186, (SEQ ID NO: 11)CAAAGAAUUCUCCUUUUGGGCUU, mmu-miR-486, (SEQ ID NO: 12)UCCUGUACUGAGCUGCCCCGAG, mmu-miR-451, (SEQ ID NO: 13)AAACCGUUACCAUUACUGAGUU, mmu-miR-18, (SEQ ID NO: 14)UAAGGUGCAUCUAGUGCAGAUA, mmu-miR-25, (SEQ ID NO: 15)CAUUGCACUUGUCUCGGUCUGA, mmu-miR-223 (SEQ ID NO: 16)UGUCAGUUUGUCAAAUACCCC, mmu-miR-320, (SEQ ID NO: 17)AAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGAA, mmu-miR-148b, (SEQ ID NO: 18)UCAGUGCAUCACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-21, (SEQ ID NO: 19)UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA, mmu-miR-124a, (SEQ ID NO: 20)UAAGGCACGCGGUGAAUGCC, mmu-miR-19a, (SEQ ID NO: 21)UGUGCAAAUCUAUGCAAAACUGA, mmu-miR-301 (SEQ ID NO: 22)CAGUGCAAUAGUAUUGUCAAAGC, mmu-miR-31, (SEQ ID NO: 23)AGGCAAGAUGCUGGCAUAGCUG, mmu-miR-20, (SEQ ID NO: 24)UAAAGUGCUUAUAGUGCAGGUAG, mmu-miR-29c, (SEQ ID NO: 25)UAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCGGU, mmu-miR-148a, (SEQ ID NO: 26)UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-17-5p, (SEQ ID NO: 27)CAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAGU, mmu-miR-185, (SEQ ID NO: 28)UGGAGAGAAAGGCAGUUC, mmu-miR-106a, (SEQ ID NO: 29)CAAAGUGCUAACAGUGCAGGUA, mmu-miR-106b, (SEQ ID NO: 30)UAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAU, mmu-miR375, (SEQ ID NO: 31)UUUGUUCGUUCGGCUCGCGUGA, mmu-miR216, (SEQ ID NO: 32)UAAUCUCAGCUGGCAACUGUG, mmu-miR217, (SEQ ID NO: 33)UACUGCAUCAGGAACUGACUGGAU, mmu-miR200a, (SEQ ID NO: 34)UAACACUGUCUGGUAACGAUGU, mmu-miR200b, (SEQ LD NO: 35)UAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGAC, mmu-miR429, (SEQ ID NO: 36)UAAUACUGUCUGGUAAUGCCGU, mmu-miR200c, (SEQ ID NO: 37)UAAUACUGCCGGGUAAUGAUGG, mmu-miR141 (SEQ ID NO: 38)UAACACUGUCUGGUAAAGAUGG, mmu-miR148a, (SEQ ID NO: 39)UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR152, (SEQ ID NO: 40)UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGG, mmu-miR182, (SEQ ID NO: 41)UUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACA, mmu-miR99a, (SEQ ID NO: 42)ACCCGUAGAUCCGAUCUUGU, mmu-miR-130a, (SEQ ID NO: 43)CAGUGCAAUGUUAAAAGGGCAU, mmu-miR-127, (SEQ ID NO: 44)UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGC, mmu-miR-100, (SEQ ID NO: 45)AACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUG, mmu-miR-199a, (SEQ ID NO: 46)CCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-199b, (SEQ ID NO: 47)CCCAGUGUUUAGACUACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-125a, (SEQ ID NO: 48)UCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUG, mmu-miR-22, (SEQ ID NO: 49)AAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGU, mmu-miR-434-3p, (SEQ ID NO: 50)UUUGAACCAUCACUCGACUCC, mmu-miR-34a, (SEQ ID NO: 51)UGGCAGUGUCUUAGCUGGUUGUU, mmu-miR-181c, (SEQ ID NO: 52)AACAUUCAACCUGUCGGUGAGU, mmu-miR-139, (SEQ ID NO: 53) UCUACAGUGCACGUGUCU,mmu-miR-130a, (SEQ ID NO: 54) CAGUGCAAUGUUAAAAGGGCAU, mmu-miR-322,(SEQ ID NO: 55) CAGCAGCAAUUCAUGUUUUGGA, mmu-miR-181a, (SEQ ID NO: 56)AACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU, mmu-miR-125a, (SEQ ID NO: 57)UCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUG, mmu-miR-200b, (SEQ ID NO: 58)UAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGAC, mmu-miR-145, (SEQ ID NO: 59)GUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCUU, mmu-miR-127, (SEQ ID NO: 60)UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGC, mmu-miR-199a, (SEQ ID NO: 61)CCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-425, (SEQ ID NO: 62)AUCGGGAAUGUCGUGUCCGCC, mmu-miR-99b, (SEQ ID NO: 63)CACCCGUAGAACCGACCUUGCG, mmu-let-7e, (SEQ ID NO: 64)UGAGGUAGGAGGUUGUAUAGU, mmu-miR-195, (SEQ ID NO: 65)UAGCAGCACAGAAAUAUUGGC, mmu-miR-152, (SEQ ID NO: 66)UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGG, mmu-miR-125b, (SEQ ID NO: 67)UCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGA, mmu-miR-187, (SEQ ID NO: 68)UCGUGUCUUGUGUUGCAGCCGG mmu-miR-324-3p, (SEQ ID NO: 69)CCACUGCCCCAGGUGCUGCUGG, mmu-miR-150, (SEQ ID NO: 70)UCUCCCAACCCUUGUACCAGUG, mmu-miR-28, (SEQ ID NO: 71)AAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAUUGAG, and mmu-miR-143 (SEQ ID NO: 72)UGAGAUGAAGCACUGUAGCUCA,and also includes combinations thereof.

In various embodiments, the organ is heart, kidney, liver, lung, orpancreas. In a specific embodiment, the organ is a heart.

In a further embodiment, the amount of small non-coding RNA expressionis determined using a microarray. In one embodiment, the microarraycomprises a chip, plate, bead, or membrane. In another embodiment, thebiological sample comprises blood cells, biopsy specimens, urinecells/urine sediment, or cells found in sputum. In a specificembodiment, the blood cells are peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Instill a further specific embodiment, the blood cells are leukocytes. Inanother embodiment, the biopsy specimens are endomyocardial biopsyspecimens or biopsy specimens from kidney, lung, liver, or pancreas.

Any of the methods of the invention can be used to determine theefficacy of, or monitor, a treatment regimen for a subject having organrejection. In a further embodiment, methods of the invention are used todetermine the prognosis of a subject having organ rejection. In aparticular embodiment, the prognosis determines the treatment regimenfor the subject.

In another embodiment, the invention further provides obtaining thesmall non-coding RNAs.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a diagnostic kit for thediagnosis of a subject having, or having a propensity to develop, organrejection, comprising at least one nucleic acid molecule complementaryto a small non-coding RNA, and written instructions for use of the kitfor the diagnosis of the subject having, or having a propensity todevelop, organ rejection. The kit can further comprise an adsorbent,wherein the adsorbent retains at least one small non-coding RNAmolecule.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for obtaining anorgan rejection score, the method comprising collecting a sample of RNAfrom subjects undergoing organ rejection, isolating and purifyingmicroRNA from the sample, labeling the microRNAs with a signal emittingagent, hybridizing the microRNAs to substrates containingoligonucleotides that are complementary to the microRNAs, detecting thesignal for each hybridized microRNA, calculating an average valuebetween the detected signals and a reference signal and obtaining aratio of the signal between the sample and the reference, therebyobtaining an organ rejection score.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a diagnostic kit forobtaining an organ rejection score comprising a substrate forhybridizing labeled, microRNAs of the invention to complementaryoligonucleotides and instructions for detecting the signal for eachhybridized microRNA, calculating an average value between the detectedsignals and a reference signal and obtaining a ratio of the signalbetween the sample and the reference.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides an identified RNA profileindicating organ rejection comprised of any one or more of SEQ ID NO:1-SEQ ID NO: 72, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the invention provides an identified RNA profileindicating organ rejection comprising an increased amount of one or moresmall non-coding RNAs selected from the group consisting of:

mmu-miR134, (SEQ ID NO: 1) UGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGG, mmu-miR144,(SEQ ID NO: 2) UACAGUAUAGAUGAUGUACUAG, mmu-miR466, (SEQ ID NO: 3)AUACAUACACGCACACAUAAGAC, mmu-miR7, (SEQ ID NO: 4)UGGAAGACUAGUGAUUUUGUUG, mmu-miR346, (SEQ ID NO: 5)UGUCUGCCCGAGUGCCUGCCUCU, mmu-miR468, (SEQ ID NO: 6)UAUGACUGAUGUGCGUGUGUCU, mmu-miR188, (SEQ ID NO: 7)CAUCCCUUGCAUGGUGGAGGGU, mmu-miR298, (SEQ ID NO: 8)GGCAGAGGAGGGCUGUUCUUCC, mmu-miR-467, (SEQ ID NO: 9)AUAUACAUACACACACCUACAC, mmu-miR-292-5p, (SEQ ID NO: 10)ACUCAAACUGGGGGCUCUUUUG, mmu-miR-186, (SEQ ID NO: 11)CAAAGAAUUCUCCUUUUGGGCUU, mmu-miR-486, (SEQ ID NO: 12)UCCUGUACUGAGCUGCCCCGAG, mmu-miR-451, (SEQ ID NO: 13)AAACCGUUACCAUUACUGAGUU, mmu-miR-18, (SEQ ID NO: 14)UAAGGUGCAUCUAGUGCAGAUA, mmu-miR-25, (SEQ ID NO: 15)CAUUGCACUUGUCUCGGUCUGA, mmu-miR-223 (SEQ ID NO: 16)UGUCAGUUUGUCAAAUACCCC, mmu-miR-320, (SEQ ID NO: 17)AAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGAA, mmu-miR-148b, (SEQ ID NO: 18)UCAGUGCAUCACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-21, (SEQ ID NO: 19)UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA, mmu-miR-124a, (SEQ ID NO: 20)UAAGGCACGCGGUGAAUGCC, mmu-miR-19a, (SEQ ID NO: 21)UGUGCAAAUCUAUGCAAAACUGA, mmu-miR-301 (SEQ ID NO: 22)CAGUGCAAUAGUAUUGUCAAAGC, mmu-miR-31, (SEQ ID NO: 23)AGGCAAGAUGCUGGCAUAGCUG, mmu-miR-20, (SEQ ID NO: 24)UAAAGUGCUUAUAGUGCAGGUAG, mmu-miR-29c, (SEQ ID NO: 25)UAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCGGU, mmu-miR-148a, (SEQ ID NO: 26)UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-17-5p, (SEQ ID NO: 27)CAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAGU, mmu-miR-185, (SEQ ID NO: 28)UGGAGAGAAAGGCAGUUC, mmu-miR-106a, (SEQ ID NO: 29)CAAAGUGCUAACAGUGCAGGUA, and mmu-miR-106b, (SEQ ID NO: 30)UAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAU,and also includes combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an identified RNA profileindicating organ rejection comprising a decreased amount of smallnon-coding RNA selected from the group consisting of:

mmu-miR375, (SEQ ID NO: 31) UUUGLTUCGUUCGGCUCGCGUGA, mmu-miR216,(SEQ ID NO: 32) UAAUCUCAGCUGGCAACUGUG, mmu-miR217, (SEQ ID NO: 33)UACUGCAUCAGGAACUGACUGGAU, mmu-miR200a, (SEQ ID NO: 34)UAACACUGUCUGGUAACGAUGU, mmu-miR200b, (SEQ ID NO: 35)UAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGAC, mmu-miR429, (SEQ ID NO: 36)UAAUACUGUCUGGUAAUGCCGU, mmu-miR200c, (SEQ ID NO: 37)UAAUACUGCCGGGUAAUGAUGG, mmu-miR141 (SEQ ID NO: 38)UAACACUGUCUGGUAAAGAUGG, mmu-miR148a, (SEQ ID NO: 39)UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR152, (SEQ ID NO: 40)UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGG, mmu-miR182, (SEQ ID NO: 41)UUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACA, mmu-miR99a, (SEQ ID NO: 42)ACCCGUAGAUCCGAUCUUGU, mmu-miR-130a, (SEQ ID NO: 43)CAGUGCAAUGUUAAAAGGGCAU, mmu-miR-127, (SEQ ID NO: 44)UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGC, mmu-miR-100, (SEQ ID NO: 45)AACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUG, mmu-miR-199a, (SEQ ID NO: 46)CCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-199b, (SEQ ID NO: 47)CCCAGUGUUUAGACUACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-125a, (SEQ ID NO: 48)UCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUG, mmu-miR-22, (SEQ ID NO: 49)AAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGU, mmu-miR-434-3p, (SEQ ID NO: 50)UUUGAACCAUCACUCGACUCC, mmu-miR-34a, (SEQ ID NO: 51)UGGCAGUGUCUUAGCUGGUUGUU, mmu-miR-181c, (SEQ ID NO: 52)AACAUUCAACCUGUCGGUGAGU, mmu-miR-139, (SEQ ID NO: 53) UCUACAGUGCACGUGUCU,mmu-miR-130a, (SEQ ID NO: 54) CAGUGCAAUGUIJAAAAGGGCAU, mmu-miR-322,(SEQ ID NO: 55) CAGCAGCAAUUCAUGUUUUGGA, mmu-miR-181a, (SEQ ID NO: 56)AACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU, mmu-miR-125a, (SEQ ID NO: 57)UCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUG, mmu-miR-200b, (SEQ ID NO: 58)UAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGAC, mmu-miR-145, (SEQ ID NO: 59)GUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCUU, mmu-miR-127, (SEQ ID NO: 60)UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGC, mmu-miR-199a, (SEQ ID NO: 61)CCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-425, (SEQ ID NO: 62)AUCGGGAAUGUCGUGUCCGCC, mmu-miR-99b, (SEQ ID NO: 63)CACCCGUAGAACCGACCUUGCG, mmu-let-7e, (SEQ ID NO: 64)UGAGGUAGGAGGUUGUAUAGU, mmu-miR-195, (SEQ ID NO: 65)UAGCAGCACAGAAAUAUUGGC, mmu-miR-152, (SEQ ID NO: 66)UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGG, mmu-miR-125b, (SEQ ID NO: 67)UCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGA, mmu-miR-187, (SEQ ID NO: 68)UCGUGUCUUGUGUUGCAGCCGG, mmu-miR-324-3p, (SEQ ID NO: 69)CCACUGCCCCAGGUGCUGCUGG, mmu-miR-150, (SEQ ID NO: 70)UCUCCCAACCCUUGUACCAGUG, mmu-miR-28, (SEQ ID NO: 71)AAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAUUGAG, and mmu-miR-143 (SEQ ID NO: 72)UGAGAUGAAGCACUGUAGCUCA,and includes combinations thereof.

Profiles of the invention can be stored by electronic means.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows fluorescent hybridization of microRNA samples (Cy3 or Cy5labeled) to mouse microRNA chips containing 464 oligonucleotides formature or pre-microRNAs.

FIG. 1B shows two graphs. The graphs are a plot of the Cy3/Cy5 ratiocompared between two chips (control and rejection) on a log scale toreflect log-fold differences between samples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based in part on the discovery that severalmicroRNAs are altered (e.g., increased or decreased) in response toorgan failure (e.g., acute cardiac rejection). Accordingly, theinvention provides methods and compositions for the non-invasivedetection of organ rejection using a microRNA score.

1. Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the meaning commonly understood by a person skilled in the art towhich this invention belongs. As used herein, the following terms havethe meanings ascribed to them below, unless specified otherwise.

The term “subject” is intended to include vertebrates, preferably amammal. Mammals include, but are not limited to, humans.

The term “organ rejection” refers to the failure of a transplanted organin a subject resulting from an adverse immune response.

The phrase “propensity to develop” refers to likelihood or probability(e.g., greater than about 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 99 percent) that asubject will present with a condition (e.g., organ rejection).

The phrase “small non-coding RNA” refers to ribonucleic acid sequences,typically less than about 40 nucleotides, and preferably about 17-24nucleotides, that do not code for proteins, but perform a regulatoryfunction in the cell by regulating gene expression throughsequence-specific base-pairing with complementary mRNA sequences.Examples of small non-coding RNA include transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomalRNA (rRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolarRNA (snoRNA), or signal recognition particle RNA complex (SRP).

The phrase “altered amount of expression” is intended to mean anincrease or decrease in expression in a test sample (e.g., obtained froma subject undergoing organ failure) as compared to a reference sample.In certain embodiments, the altered amount of expression is an increaseor decrease in nucleic acid expression in a sample as compared to areference sample.

The term “increases” means a positive alteration. As used herein,“increases” means increases by at least about 5%, for example, about 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80,85, 90, 95, 99 or 100% as compared to the amount in the absence of organrejection or failure. As used herein, “increases” also means increasesby at least about 1-fold, for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 500, 1000-fold or moreas compared to the amount in the absence of organ rejection or failure.

The term “decreases” means a negative alteration. As used herein,“decreases” means decreases by at least about 5%, for example, about 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80,85, 90, 95, 99 or 100% as compared to the amount in the absence of organrejection or failure. As used herein, “decreases” also means decreasesby at least about 1-fold, for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 500, 1000-fold or moreas compared to the amount in the absence of organ rejection or failure.

The term “reference” refers to a standard or control condition orparameter.

The term “microarray” refers to a collection of nucleic acid molecules,such as small non-coding RNAs or nucleic acid molecules complementarythereto, affixed to a substrate (e.g., a solid support, chip, plate, orbead). The term can refer to a population of different nucleic acidmolecules that are attached to one or more substrates such that thedifferent nucleic acid molecules can be differentiated from each otheraccording to their relative location. An array can include differentnucleic acid molecules that are each located at a different identifiablelocation on a substrate.

The term “nucleic acid” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleicacid or deoxyribonucleic acid, or analog thereof. This term includesoligomers consisting of naturally occurring bases, sugars, andinter-sugar (backbone) linkages as well as oligomers havingnon-naturally occurring portions which function similarly. Such modifiedor substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred over native formsbecause of properties such as, for example, enhanced stability in thepresence of nucleases.

The term “biological sample” is meant to include any sample obtainedfrom a subject. Examples include blood, urine and tissue samples.

In this disclosure, “comprises,” “comprising,” “containing” and “having”and the like can have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. patent lawand can mean “includes,” “including,” and the like; “consistingessentially of” or “consists essentially” likewise has the meaningascribed in U.S. patent law and the term is open-ended, allowing for thepresence of more than that which is recited so long as basic or novelcharacteristics of that which is recited is not changed by the presenceof more than that which is recited, but excludes prior art embodiments.

The phrase “signal emitting agent” refers to a molecule that gives off asignal used for detection, for example, a signal from a fluorescentlabel. Examples of fluorescent labels include flourescein, such asfluorescein-12, rhodamine, such as rhodamine 6G (R6G),tetramethylrhodamine (TMR), or alexa flourophores. In preferredembodiments, the signal-emitting agent is a fluorescent label, forexample Cy3 or Cy5 fluorescent labels.

The terms “isolated,” “purified,” or “biologically pure” refer tomaterial that is free to varying degrees from components which normallyaccompany it as found in its native state. Various levels of purity maybe applied as needed according to this invention in the differentmethodologies set forth herein; the customary purity standards known inthe art may be used if no standard is otherwise specified.

The term “identified” as in an “identified profile” refers to one ormore compositions or information relating thereto (e.g., a microRNA andits sequence information) obtained under conditions of selection. Suchinformation may optionally be stored by electronic means.

The term “obtaining” as in “obtaining the microRNA rejection score” isintended to include purchasing, synthesizing or otherwise acquiring themicroRNA rejection score (or indicated substance or material).

By “mmu-miR134” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 1.

By “mmu-miR144” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 2.

By “mmu-miR466” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 3.

By “mmu-miR7” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 4.

By “mmu-miR346” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 5.

By “mmu-miR468” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 6.

By “mmu-miR188” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 7.

By “mmu-miR298” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 8.

By “mmu-miR467” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 9.

By “mmu-miR292-5p” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at leastabout 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98% or 99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO:10.

By “mmu-miR186” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 11.

By “mmu-miR486” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 12.

By “mmu-miR451” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 13.

By “mmu-miR18” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85% 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 14.

By “mmu-miR25” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85% 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 15.

By “mmu-miR223” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 16.

By “mmu-miR320” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 17.

By “mmu-miR148b” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 18.

By “mmu-miR21” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 19.

By “mmu-miR124a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 20.

By “mmu-miR19a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 21.

By “mmu-miR301” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 22.

By “mmu-miR31” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 23.

By “mmu-miR20” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 24.

By “mmu-miR29c” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 25.

By “mmu-miR148a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 26.

By “mmu-miR17-5p” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at leastabout 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98% or 99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO:27.

By “mmu-miR185” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 28.

By “mmu-miR106a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 29.

By “mmu-miR106b” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 30.

By “mmu-miR375” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 31.

By “mmu-miR216” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 32.

By “mmu-miR217” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 33.

By “mmu-miR200a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 34.

By “mmu-miR200b” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 35.

By “mmu-miR429” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 36.

By “mmu-miR200c” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 37.

By “mmu-miR141” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 38.

By “mmu-miR148a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 39.

By “mmu-miR152” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 40.

By “mmu-miR182” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 41.

By “mmu-miR99a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 42.

By “mmu-miR130a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 43.

By “mmu-miR127” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 44.

By “mmu-miR100” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 45.

By “mmu-miR199a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 46.

By “mmu-miR199b” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 47.

By “mmu-miR125a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 48.

By “mmu-miR22” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 49.

By “mmu-miR434-3p” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at leastabout 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98% or 99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO:50.

By “mmu-miR34a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 51.

By “mmu-miR181c” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 52.

By “mmu-miR139” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 53.

By “mmu-miR130a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 54.

By “mmu-miR322” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 55.

By “mmu-miR181a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 56.

By “mmu-miR125a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 57.

By “mmu-miR200b” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 58.

By “mmu-miR145” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 59.

By “mmu-miR127” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 60.

By “mmu-miR199a” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 61.

By “mmu-miR425” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 62.

By “mmu-miR99b” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 63.

By “mmu-let-7e” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 64.

By “mmu-miR195” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 65.

By “mmu-miR152” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 66.

By “mmu-miR125b” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 67.

By “mmu-miR187” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 68.

By “mmu-miR324-3p” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at leastabout 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98% or 99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO:69.

By “mmu-miR150” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 70.

By “mmu-miR28” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 71.

By “mmu-miR143” is meant a microRNA comprising or having at least about85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ ID NO: 72.

Other definitions appear in context throughout this disclosure.

2. MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, evolutionary conservednon-coding RNA species contained in the genomes of animals, plants andviruses. As with protein-coding genes, a key to understanding how miRNAsfunction is to determine when and where they are expressed. miRNAspresent unique challenges that make them more difficult to analyze thanmessenger RNA. The inherent small size of miRNAs provides very littlesequence for appending label or for designing probes. miRNAs consist of,for example, about 17-24 nucleotide RNA molecules that regulate thestability or translational efficiency of target mRNAs. To date, severalhundred miRNA genes have been identified in a range of animal species,with many of these miRNA genes showing phylogenetic conservation (15).miRNAs have diverse biological functions, and have been shown to play arole in a variety of processes, including development, differentiation,cell death, and cell proliferation, and have also been shown to regulategenes involved in cellular activation and the stress response in anumber of species (16). Many microRNAs are located at genomic regionsthat are linked to cancer (17). Consistent with their role in immunesystem development, microRNAs have also been implicated in immunedefense (17). MicroRNA profiling has recently been used to associate theprognosis and progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, as well as toclassify human cancers (1-4).

MicroRNAs are highly conserved amongst mammalian species, such as miceand humans (Bartel, D. P. 2004 Cell 116:281-297; Lagos-Quintana, et al.2002 Current Biology 12:735-739; Lagos-Quintana, et al. 2003 Rna-APublication of the Rna Society 9:175-179; Lim, L. P., et al. 2003Science 299:1540; Lim, L. P., et al. 2003 Genes & Development17:991-1008).

The degree of conservancy between murine and human microRNA sequences isexemplified in the following sequence alignments (wherein the sequencesand sequence numbers can be obtained from the miRBase Sequence databaseversion 10.1 (Sanger Institute, Cambridge, U.K.;http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk/sequences/)):

mir-134 mmu-mir-134 (murine, MI0000160): (SEQ ID NO: 73)AGGGUGUGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGGCGUGCACUCUGUUCACCCUGUG GGCCACCUAGUCACCAACCCUhsa-mir-134 (human, MI0000474) (SEQ ID NO: 74)CAGGGUGUGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGGCAUGCACUGUGUUCACCCUGUGGGCCACCUAGUCACCAACCCUCmouse  1 AGGGTGTGTGACTGGTTGACCAGAGGGGCGTGCACTCTGTTCACCCTGTGGGCCACCTAG 60         ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||human  2 AGGGTGTGTGACTGGTTGACCAGAGGGGCATGCACTGTGTTCACCCTGTGGGCCACCTAG 61mouse 61 TCACCAACCCT 71 (SEQ ID NO: 75)          |||||||||||human 62 TCACCAACCCT 72 (SEQ ID NO: 76) mir-144mmu-mir-144 (murine, MI0000168) (SEQ ID NO: 77)GGCUGGGAUAUCAUCAUAUACUGUAAGUUUGUGAUGAGACACUACAGUA UAGAUGAUGUACUAGUChsa-mir-144 (human, MI0000460) (SEQ ID NO: 78)UGGGGCCCUGGCUGGGAUAUCAUCAUAUACUGUAAGUUUGCGAUGAGACACUACAGUAUAGAUGAUGUACUAGUCCGGGCACCCCCMouse  1 GGCTGGGATATCATCATATACTGTAAGTTTGTGATGAGACACTACAGTATAGATGATGTA 60         ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Human 10 GGCTGGGATATCATCATATACTGTAAGTTTGCGATGAGACACTACAGTATAGATGATGTA 69Mouse 61 CTAGTC 66 (SEQ ID NO: 79)          ||||||Human 70 CTAGTC 75 (SEQ ID NO: 80) mir-188mmu-mir-188 (murine, MI0000230) (SEQ ID NO: 81)UCUCACAUCCCUUGCAUGGUGGAGGGUGAGCUCUCUGAAAACCCCUCCCA CAUGCAGGGUUUGCAGGAhsa-mir-188 (human, MI0000484) (SEQ ID NO: 82)UGCUCCCUCUCUCACAUCCCUUGCAUGGUGGAGGGUGAGCUUUCUGAAAACCCCUCCCACAUGCAGGGUUUGCAGGAUGGCGAGCCMouse  1 TCTCACATCCCTTGCATGGTGGAGGGTGAGCTCTCTGAAAACCCCTCCCACATGCAGGGT 60         |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||Human 10 TCTCACATCCCTTGCATGGTGGAGGGTGAGCTTTCTGAAAACCCCTCCCACATGCAGGGT 69Mouse 61 TTGCAGGA 68 (SEQ ID NO: 83)          ||||||||Human 70 TTGCAGGA 77 (SEQ ID NO: 84)The above alignments (using NCBI blast/align 2(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/b12seq/wblast2.cgi) show ≧97%sequence identity.

Thus, included in the invention are small non-coding RNAs or microRNAs.The small non-coding RNAs of the invention consist of about 5-40nucleotides. Exemplary

Thus, included in the invention are small non-coding RNAs or microRNAs.The small non-coding RNAs of the invention consist of about 5-40nucleotides. Exemplary microRNAs of the invention preferably consist ofabout 21-23 nucleotides. The small non-coding RNAs of the inventioninclude, but are not limited to, SEQ ID NOs: 1-72. Also included in theinvention are small non-coding RNAs or microRNA comprising or having atleast about 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98% or 99% identity to the nucleic acid sequence provided by SEQ IDNOs: 1-72.

3. Expression Monitoring and Profiling

According to the invention, organ rejection can be correlated withexpression of one or more small RNAs. Thus, the invention provides amethod of identifying a subject as having, or having a propensity todevelop, organ rejection, monitoring a subject at risk for organrejection, or diagnosing susceptibility to organ rejection or prognosisof outcome for treatment of organ rejection.

Identifying a subject as having, or having a propensity to develop,organ rejection according to the invention comprises measuring theamount of small non-coding RNA expression in a biological sample fromthe subject, wherein an altered level of expression relative to areference indicates that the subject has, or has a propensity todevelop, organ rejection.

In specific embodiments, the miRNAs are increased, the increased miRNAsincluding, but not limited to:

mmu-miR134, (SEQ ID NO: 1) UGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGG, mmu-miR144,(SEQ ID NO: 2) UACAGUAUAGAUGAUGUACUAG, mmu-miR466, (SEQ ID NO: 3)AUACAUACACGCACACAUAAGAC, mmu-miR7, (SEQ ID NO: 4)UGGAAGACUAGUGAUUUUGUUG, mmu-miR346, (SEQ ID NO: 5)UGUCUGCCCGAGUGCCUGCCUCU, mmu-miR468, (SEQ ID NO: 6)UAUGACUGAUGUGCGUGUGUCU, mmu-miR188, (SEQ ID NO: 7)CAUCCCUUGCAUGGUGGAGGGU, mmu-miR298, (SEQ ID NO: 8)GGCAGAGGAGGGCUGUUCUUCC, mmu-miR-467, (SEQ ID NO: 9)AUAUACAUACACACACCUACAC, mmu-miR-292-5p, (SEQ ID NO: 10)ACUCAAACUGGGGGCUCUUUUG, mmu-miR-186, (SEQ ID NO: 11)CAAAGAAUUCUCCUUUUGGGCUU, mmu-miR-486, (SEQ ID NO: 12)UCCUGUACUGAGCUGCCCCGAG, mmu-miR-451, (SEQ ID NO: 13)AAACCGUUACCAUUACUGAGUU, mmu-miR-18, (SEQ ID NO: 14)UAAGGUGCAUCUAGUGCAGAUA, mmu-miR-25, (SEQ ID NO: 15)CAUUGCACUUGUCUCGGUCUGA, mmu-miR-223 (SEQ ID NO: 16)UGUCAGLTUUGUCAAAUACCCC, mmu-miR-320, (SEQ ID NO: 17)AAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGAA, mmu-miR-148b, (SEQ ID NO: 18)UCAGUGCAUCACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-21, (SEQ ID NO: 19)UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA, mmu-miR-124a, (SEQ ID NO: 20)UAAGGCACGCGGUGAAUGCC, mmu-miR-19a, (SEQ ID NO: 21)UGUGCAAAUCUAUGCAAAACUGA, mmu-miR-301 (SEQ ID NO: 22)CAGUGCAAUAGUAUUGUCAAAGC, mmu-miR-31, (SEQ ID NO: 23)AGGCAAGAUGCUGGCAUAGCUG, mmu-miR-20, (SEQ ID NO: 24)UAAAGUGCUUAUAGUGCAGGUAG, mmu-miR-29c, (SEQ ID NO: 25)UAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCGGU, mmu-miR-148a, (SEQ ID NO: 26)UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-17-5p, (SEQ ID NO: 27)CAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAGU, mmu-miR-185, (SEQ ID NO: 28)UGGAGAGAAAGGCAGUUC, mmu-miR-106a, (SEQ ID NO: 29)CAAAGUGCUAACAGUGCAGGUA, and mmu-miR-106b, (SEQ ID NO: 30)UAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAU andcombinations thereof.

In specific embodiments, the miRNAs are decreased, the decreased miRNAsincluding, but not limited to:

mmu-miR375, (SEQ ID NO: 31) UUUGUUCGUUCGGCUCGCGUGA, mmu-miR216,(SEQ ID NO: 32) UAAUCUCAGCUGGCAACUGUG, mmu-miR217, (SEQ ID NO: 33)UACUGCAUCAGGAACUGACUGGAU, mmu-miR200a, (SEQ ID NO: 34)UAACACUGUCUGGUAACGAUGU, mmu-miR200b, (SEQ ID NO: 35)UAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGAC, mmu-miR429, (SEQ ID NO: 36)UAAUACUGUCUGGUAAUGCCGU, mmu-miR200c, (SEQ ID NO: 37)UAAUACUGCCGGGUAAUGAUGG, mmu-miR141 (SEQ ID NO: 38)UAACACUGUCUGGUAAAGAUGG, mmu-miR148a, (SEQ ID NO: 39)UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR152, (SEQ ID NO: 40)UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGG, mmu-miR182, (SEQ ID NO: 41)UUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACA, mmu-miR99a, (SEQ ID NO: 42)ACCCGUAGAUCCGAUCUUGU, mmu-miR-130a, (SEQ ID NO: 43)CAGUGCAAUGUUAAAAGGGCAU, mmu-miR-127, (SEQ ID NO: 44)UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGC, mmu-miR-100, (SEQ ID NO: 45)AACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUG, mmu-miR-199a, (SEQ ID NO: 46)CCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-199b, (SEQ ID NO: 47)CCCAGUGUUUAGACUACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-125a, (SEQ ID NO: 48)UCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUG, mmu-miR-22, (SEQ ID NO: 49)AAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGU, mmu-miR-434-3p, (SEQ ID NO: 50)UUUGAACCAUCACUCGACUCC, mmu-miR-34a, (SEQ ID NO: 51)UGGCAGUGUCUUAGCUGGUUGUU, mmu-miR-181c, (SEQ ID NO: 52)AACAUUCAACCUGUCGGUGAGU, mmu-miR-139, (SEQ ID NO: 53) UCUACAGUGCACGUGUCU,mmu-miR-130a, (SEQ ID NO: 54) CAGUGCAAUGUUAAAAGGGCAU, mmu-miR-322,(SEQ ID NO: 55) CAGCAGCAAUUCAUGUUUUGGA, mmu-miR-181a, (SEQ ID NO: 56)AACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU, mmu-miR-125a, (SEQ ID NO: 57)UCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUG, mmu-miR-200b, (SEQ ID NO: 58)UAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGAC, mmu-miR-145, (SEQ ID NO: 59)GUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCUU, mmu-miR-127, (SEQ ID NO: 60)UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGC, mmu-miR-199a, (SEQ ID NO: 61)CCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-425, (SEQ ID NO: 62)AUCGGGAAUGUCGUGUCCGCC, mmu-miR-99b, (SEQ ID NO: 63)CACCCGUAGAACCGACCUUGCG, mmu-let-7e, (SEQ ID NO: 64)UGAGGUAGGAGGUUGUAUAGU, mmu-miR-195, (SEQ ID NO: 65)UAGCAGCACAGAAAUAUUGGC, mmu-miR-152, (SEQ ID NO: 66)UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGG, mmu-miR-125b, (SEQ ID NO: 67)UCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGA, mmu-miR-187, (SEQ ID NO: 68)UCGUGUCUUGUGUUGCAGCCGG, mmu-miR-324-3p, (SEQ ID NO: 69)CCACUGCCCCAGGUGCUGCUGG, mmu-miR-150, (SEQ ID NO: 70)UCUCCCAACCCUUGUACCAGUG, mmu-miR-28, (SEQ ID NO: 71)AAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAUUGAG, and mmu-miR-143 (SEQ ID NO: 72)UGAGAUGAAGCACUGUAGCUCA,and combinations thereof.

4. miRNA Detection and Analysis

While Northern blots are frequently used for miRNA analysis,improvements and adaptations to existing technologies have also beentailored to small RNA detection. These include oligonucleotide filtermacroarrays, RNA oligonucleotide ligation followed by RT-PCRamplification, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, signal-amplifyingribozymes, primer extension, nuclease protection assay, and variousmicroarray-based methods.

In one particular example, the amount of expression is determined usinga microarray. A microarray is used according to the invention as a toolfor analyzing microRNA expression. A microarray consists of samples ofmany genes arranged in a regular pattern. Preferably, the microarray canbe a chip, a bead, or a membrane.

The nucleic acid molecules or polypeptides of the invention are usefulas hybridizable array elements in a microarray. The array elements areorganized in an ordered fashion such that each element is present at aspecified location on the substrate. Useful substrate materials includemembranes, composed of paper, nylon or other materials, filters, chips,glass slides, and other solid supports. The ordered arrangement of thearray elements allows hybridization patterns and intensities to beinterpreted as expression levels of particular genes or proteins.Methods for making nucleic acid microarrays are known to the skilledartisan and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,832,Lockhart, et al. (Nat. Biotech. 14:1675-1680, 1996), and Schena, et al.(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:10614-10619, 1996), herein incorporated byreference. Methods for making polypeptide microarrays are described, forexample, by Ge (Nucleic Acids Res. 28: e3. i-e3. vii, 2000), MacBeath etal., (Science 289:1760-1763, 2000), Zhu et al. (Nature Genet.26:283-289), and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,665, hereby incorporated byreference.

To produce a nucleic acid microarray, oligonucleotides may besynthesized or bound to the surface of a substrate using a chemicalcoupling procedure and an ink jet application apparatus, as described inPCT application WO95/251116 (Baldeschweiler et al.), incorporated hereinby reference. Alternatively, a gridded array may be used to arrange andlink cDNA fragments or oligonucleotides to the surface of a substrateusing a vacuum system, thermal, UV, mechanical or chemical bondingprocedure.

A nucleic acid molecule (e.g. RNA or DNA) derived from a biologicalsample may be used to produce a hybridization probe as described herein.The biological samples are generally derived from a patient, preferablyas a bodily fluid (such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, phlegm, saliva,or urine) or tissue sample (e.g. a tissue sample obtained by biopsy).For some applications, cultured cells (e.g., lymphocytes) or othertissue preparations may be used. The mRNA is isolated according tostandard methods, and cDNA is produced and used as a template to makecomplementary RNA suitable for hybridization. Such methods are describedherein. The RNA is amplified in the presence of fluorescent nucleotides,and the labeled probes are then incubated with the microarray to allowthe probe sequence to hybridize to complementary oligonucleotides boundto the microarray.

Incubation conditions are adjusted such that hybridization occurs withprecise complementary matches or with various degrees of lesscomplementarity depending on the degree of stringency employed. Forexample, stringent salt concentration will ordinarily be less than about750 mM NaCl and 75 mM trisodium citrate, preferably less than about 500mM NaCl and 50 mM trisodium citrate, and more preferably less than about250 mM NaCl and 25 mM trisodium citrate. Low stringency hybridizationcan be obtained in the absence of organic solvent, e.g., formamide,while high stringency hybridization can be obtained in the presence ofat least about 35% formamide, and more preferably at least about 50%formamide. Stringent temperature conditions will ordinarily includetemperatures of at least about 30° C., more preferably of at least about37° C., and still more preferably of at least about 42° C. Varyingadditional parameters, such as hybridization time, the concentration ofdetergent, e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the inclusion orexclusion of carrier DNA, are well known to those skilled in the art.Various levels of stringency are accomplished by combining these variousconditions as needed. In a preferred embodiment, hybridization willoccur at 30° C. in 750 mM NaCl, 75 mM trisodium citrate, and 1% SDS. Ina more preferred embodiment, hybridization will occur at 37° C. in 500mM NaCl, 50 mM trisodium citrate, 1% SDS, 35% formamide, and 100 μg/mldenatured salmon sperm DNA (ssDNA). In a still more preferredembodiment, hybridization will occur at 42° C. in 250 mM NaCl, 25 mMtrisodium citrate, 1% SDS, 50% formamide, and 200 μg/ml ssDNA. Usefulvariations on these conditions will be readily apparent to those skilledin the art.

The removal of nonhybridized probes may be accomplished, for example, bywashing. The washing steps that follow hybridization can also vary instringency. Wash stringency conditions can be defined by saltconcentration and by temperature. As above, wash stringency can beincreased by decreasing salt concentration or by increasing temperature.For example, stringent salt concentration for the wash steps willpreferably be less than about 30 mM NaCl and 3 mM trisodium citrate, andmore preferably less than about 15 mM NaCl and 1.5 mM trisodium citrate.Stringent temperature conditions for the wash steps will ordinarilyinclude a temperature of at least about 25° C., more preferably of atleast about 42° C., and more preferably of at least about 68° C. In apreferred embodiment, wash steps will occur at 25° C. in 30 mM NaCl, 3mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS. In a more preferred embodiment, washsteps will occur at 42° C. in 15 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM trisodium citrate, and0.1% SDS. In a still more preferred embodiment, wash steps will occur at68° C. in 15 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM trisodium citrate, and 0.1% SDS. Additionalvariations on these conditions will be readily apparent to those skilledin the art.

A detection system may be used to measure the absence, presence, andamount of hybridization for all of the distinct sequences simultaneously(e.g., Heller et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94:2150-2155, 1997).Preferably, a scanner is used to determine the levels and patterns offluorescence.

Proteins may also be analyzed using protein microarrays. Such arrays areuseful in high-throughput low-cost screens to identify peptide orcandidate compounds that bind a polypeptide, or fragment thereof.Typically, protein microarrays feature a protein, or fragment thereof,bound to a solid support. Suitable solid supports include membranes(e.g., membranes composed of nitrocellulose, paper, or other material),polymer-based films (e.g., polystyrene), beads, or glass slides. Forsome applications, proteins (e.g., polypeptides encoded by a nucleicacid molecule listed in Table 2 or Table 4 or antibodies against suchpolypeptides) are spotted on a substrate using any convenient methodknown to the skilled artisan (e.g., by hand or by inkjet printer).Preferably, such methods retain the biological activity or function ofthe protein bound to the substrate (Ge et al., supra; Zhu et al.,supra).

The protein microarray is hybridized with a detectable probe. Suchprobes can be polypeptide, nucleic acid, or small molecules. For someapplications, polypeptide and nucleic acid probes are derived from abiological sample taken from a patient, such as a bodily fluid (such asblood, urine, saliva, or phlegm); a homogenized tissue sample (e.g. atissue sample obtained by biopsy); or cultured cells (e.g.,lymphocytes). Probes can also include antibodies, candidate peptides,nucleic acids, or small molecule compounds derived from a peptide,nucleic acid, or chemical library. Hybridization conditions (e.g.,temperature, pH, protein concentration, and ionic strength) areoptimized to promote specific interactions. Such conditions are known tothe skilled artisan and are described, for example, in Harlow, E. andLane, D., Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. 1998, New York: ColdSpring Harbor Laboratories. After removal of non-specific probes,specifically bound probes are detected, for example, by fluorescence,enzyme activity (e.g., an enzyme-linked calorimetric assay), directimmunoassay, radiometric assay, or any other suitable detectable methodknown to the skilled artisan.

Microarrays are commercially available, for example from Ambion (on theworld wide web at ambion.com) and LC Sciences (on the world wide web atlcsciences.com). Such commercially available microarray platforms offera genome-wide microRNA expression profiling service utilizing amicroarray detection system that was developed specifically for microRNAdetection. Commercial services such as these will perform all thefunctions and analysis from sample QC through data analysis on the totalRNA sample of interest. Further, these commercial services will performmicroarray analysis on a single sample to create a simple expressionprofile or hybridize two samples to the same microarray for a “dualsample” analysis, which is useful to the present invention, for example,when comparison of two samples is needed.

The invention further provides methods for monitoring a subject at riskfor organ rejection (e.g., a transplantation recipient), comprisingdetermining the amount of small non-coding RNA expression in abiological sample obtained from the subject, where an altered amount ofexpression relative to a reference indicates that the subject has, orhas a propensity to develop, organ rejection. The organ rejection canoccur at any time after transplantation. In preferred embodiments of theinvention, the method monitors cardiac transplantation.

Methods of the invention can include obtaining an organ rejection score.Such a score can be obtained by collecting a sample of RNA from subjectswith organ rejection, isolating and purifying microRNA from the sample,labeling the microRNAs with a signal emitting agent, hybridizing themicroRNAs to substrates containing oligonucleotides that arecomplementary to the microRNAs, detecting the signal for each hybridizedmicroRNA, calculating an average value between the detected signals anda reference signal; and obtaining a ratio of the signal between sampleand reference, thereby obtaining an organ rejection score. In aparticular embodiment of the method, the ratio is obtained according tothe following method. Twenty micrograms of total RNA is isolated andsmall RNAs (<200 nt) are isolated from polyacrylamide gels. The RNAs areprocessed and used for microarray analyses. Briefly, purified small RNAsare labeled with Cy3 or Cy5 fluorescent dyes (one dye for control, theother for ‘acute rejection’ samples) and hybridized to dual-channelmicroarray ParaFlo microfluidics chips (LC Sciences). Each of thedetection probes spots a nucleotide sequence complementary to a specificmiRNA sequence and a long nonnucleotide molecule spacer that extends thespecific sequence away from the chip surface. The miRNA probe sequencescan be obtained from the miRBase Sequence database version 7.1 (SangerInstitute, Cambridge, U.K.; http: microrna.sanger.ac.uk sequences). Eachprobe spot measured is 100 pixels, and only those spots whose pixelintensities had a standard deviation of 0.001 are accepted. The data arethen corrected by subtracting the background and normalizing to thestatistical median of all detectable transcripts. Microarray experimentscan be performed twice with one pair of RNA samples and once with theother pair.

In one example of the method, the microRNA is isolated and purified fromthe sample and labeled with a signal emitting agent. The signal emittingagent can be a fluorescent label. In a specific example, the microRNA isfluorescently hybridized with Cy3 or Cy5. Other examples of fluorescentlabels include flourescein, such as fluorescein-12, rhodamine, such asrhodamine 6G (R6G), tetramethylrhodamine (TMR), or alexa flourophores.Other examples of signal emitting agents include, but are not limitedto, mass, electrical conductivity or other optical signals suchabsorption signal, luminescent signal, chemiluminescent signal or thelike.

As used herein, the term “reference,” as in reference level or signal,refers to a standard or control condition or parameter. In particularembodiments of the invention, the reference level is used to determinean organ rejection score. For example, the reference level may be areadout of the signal detected that indicates microRNA expression for acontrol sample, e.g. an organ that has not been transplanted. Thereference level allows quantification of difference between control andtest sample. Thus, the reference allows comparison of microRNAexpression. For example, when the level of one or more microRNAs in atest sample or subject (e.g. a transplant recipient) are higher than thereference level of one or more microRNAs in a reference sample the cellswill be considered to have a high level of expression of the one or moremicroRNAs. Conversely, when the level of one or more microRNAs in testsample or subject (e.g. a transplant recipient) are lower than thereference level of one or more microRNAs, the cells will be consideredto have a low level of expression, or underproduction, of the one ormore microRNAs. A reference level can also represent the levels of twoor more small RNAs.

In particular, the methods of the invention are useful for determiningif a patient is at risk for organ rejection following transplantation.Because there is emerging evidence for ‘clinical rejection’ despite‘normal’ pathologic specimens, dysregulation occurring at the molecularlevel is believed to precede the onset of cellular rejection.Accordingly, methods of the invention can be used to identify amolecular signature consisting of small microRNAs to distinguish normaltransplant tissue from tissue undergoing rejection at an earlier stage.For example, the methods of the invention can be used to distinguishnormal peripheral blood immune cells from ‘rejecting’ immune cells inpatients that have undergone transplantation.

Organ rejection can occur anytime following transplantation, as suchrejection is a lifelong process. In a specific embodiment, organrejection can occur in about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more days followingtransplantation. In another specific embodiment, organ rejection canoccur in about 1, 2, 3 or more weeks following transplantation. In yetanother specific embodiment, organ rejection can occur in about 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or more months following transplantation. Inyet another specific embodiment, organ rejection can occur in about 1,2, 3, 4, 5, or more years following transplantation. Methods of theinvention for use in detecting organ rejection can be applied at anytime post-transplantation, and in specific embodiments, at the timesindicated herein.

The methods of the invention also are useful for determining a propercourse of treatment for a patient at risk for organ rejection. Inparticular, the methods of the invention can be used for a cardiactransplant patient. A course of treatment refers to the therapeuticmeasures taken for a patient after organ transplantation and/orimmunosuppressive therapy. For example, a determination of thelikelihood for organ rejection can assist in determining whether a moreconservative or more radical approach to immunotherapy should be taken,or whether treatment modalities should be combined. In another example,the prognostic methods of the invention can be used to identifytransplant candidates likely to experience rejection so that they can beoffered additional therapeutic options.

For example, levels of microRNA can be compared for cells that aretreated and untreated with a particular agent to determine effect of theagent on microRNA expression. For example, the levels of microRNA mightbe evaluated before, or at any time, during immunosuppressive drugtherapy. Thus, the level of a microRNA can be quantitated in the samecells at different times before, during or after exposure to particularconditions or agents.

5. Biological Samples

The biological samples are generally derived from a subject, preferablyas a bodily fluid, such as blood cells, biopsy specimens, urinecells/urine sediment, or cells found in sputum, or tissue sample (e.g. atissue sample obtained by biopsy). In particular, the blood cells can beperipheral blood mononuclear cells. In an exemplary embodiment, theblood cells are leukocytes. Leukocytes are preferably obtained from thespleen. A biological sample can be from a normal subject or a subjectdisplaying one or more symptoms of a particular disease or condition.Thus, a biological sample can be obtained from an organ undergoingrejection, or from a subject experiencing a condition set forth below. Abiological sample can be obtained from a subject at different timepoints. Thus, a biological sample used in a method of the invention canbe obtained from a subject prior to undergoing organ transplantation, atany time point after organ transplantation.

Those skilled in the art will know or be able to readily determinemethods for isolating nucleic acid samples from a cell, fluid or tissueusing methods known in the art such as those described in Sambrook etal., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd edition, Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory, New York (2001) or in Ausubel et al., CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md.(1998).

6. Kits

The invention provides kits for the diagnosis of a subject having, orhaving a propensity to develop, organ rejection, the kits comprising atleast one nucleic acid molecule complementary to a small non-coding RNAof the invention. In one embodiment, the kit further comprises anadsorbent that retains at least one small non-coding RNA molecule.

The kit includes written instructions for use in detection of organrejection. The kit includes directions for diagnosis of a subjecthaving, or having a propensity to develop, organ rejection. Optionally,the kit comprises a sterile container that contains the detectionregents; such containers can be boxes, ampoules, bottles, vials, tubes,bags, pouches, blister-packs, or other suitable container form known inthe art. Such containers can be made of plastic, glass, laminated paper,metal foil, or other materials suitable for holding nucleic acids. Theinstructions will generally include information about the use of thereagents described herein and their use in detection of organ rejection.Preferably, the kit further comprises any one or more of the reagentsdescribed in the diagnostic assays described herein. In otherembodiments, the instructions include at least one of the following:description of the miRNA; methods for using the enclosed materials forthe detection of organ rejection; precautions; warnings; indications;clinical or research studies; and/or references. The instructions may beprinted directly on the container (when present), or as a label appliedto the container, or as a separate sheet, pamphlet, card, or foldersupplied in or with the container.

EXAMPLES

Each year endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) are performed on thousands ofpatients worldwide (˜100,000 visits) for diagnosing rejection aftercardiac transplantation. While endomyocardial biopsy remains the goldstandard, it is a costly and invasive procedure, and causes patientdiscomfort, and poses a low risk of morbidity and death. Furthermore,endomyocardial biopsy suffers from sampling error and variable,subjective pathological interpretation. In addition, while over ˜75% ofbiopsies are negative for rejection, there is emerging evidence for‘clinical rejection’ despite ‘normal’ pathologic cardiac specimensindicating that dysregulation that occurs at the molecular levelprecedes the onset of cardiac cellular rejection.

Example 1: Differential Regulation of MicroRNA Expression Associatedwith Organ Rejection

MicroRNAs are highly conserved across species, especially human, mouse,and rat. Thus, in order to minimize biological variation and maximizereproducibility of experimental results, the mouse heterotopic cardiactransplantation model presents an attractive model system to studymicroRNA expression.

To verify the existence of differentially expressed microRNAs fromleukocytes of mice with and without cardiac resection, three sets oftotal RNA were harvested from spleens, a leukocyte-rich organ, afterheterotopic cardiac transplantation. MicroRNA was isolated, purified,and then fluorescently hybridized with Cy3 or Cy5 fluorescent labels tomouse microRNA chips containing a total of 464 oligonucleotides formature or pre-microRNAs (LC Sciences, Houston, Tex.). Each signalrepresents the average of the same microRNA oligo (n=6) that wasseparately spotted (FIGS. 1, A and B). From this data, a ratio ofCy3/Cy5 is calculated that reflects the log-fold differences between thetwo samples for a given microRNA. In an exemplary embodiment, forexample, small RNAs were labeled with Cy3 or Cy5 fluorescent dyes (onedye for control, the other for ‘acute rejection’ samples) and hybridizedto dual-channel microarray ParaFlo microfluidics chips (LC Sciences).Each of the detection probes spotted a nucleotide sequence complementaryto a specific miRNA sequence and a long nonnucleotide molecule spacerthat extended the specific sequence away from the chip surface. Eachmicroarray chip contained six probe sets. Each probe spot measured was100 pixels, and only those spots whose pixel intensities had a standarddeviation of 0.001 were accepted. The data were corrected by subtractingthe background and normalizing to the statistical median of alldetectable transcripts. As indicated previously, microarray experimentswere performed twice with one pair of RNA samples and once with theother pair. Table 1, below, lists 96 microRNAs that are differentiallyexpressed at P<0.01. Table 2, below, lists 20 of the 96 microRNAs thatare differentially expressed at P<0.01. These 20 microRNAs arecomparatively more predictive in the setting of organ rejection. FIG. 1Bshows that the differential microRNA expression pattern across chips ishighly reproducible, with correlation coefficients ranging fromR²=0.7851 to 0.8275 for all microRNAs, P<0.01.

Some of the microRNAs identified have been reported to target importantgenes in cellular activation, growth, and differentiation. One microRNA,mmu-miR-375, (designated as No. 1 on Table 2) was decreased in rejectionsamples by ˜1726-fold. Mmu-miR-375 represses the protein myotrophin(MPTN), a gene induced in failing human hearts that can also directlymodulate levels of p50/p65. p50/p65 are two members of the NF-kB familycritical for cellular activation (6). Thus, this finding suggests that adeficiency of mmu-miR-375 may allow for the induction of MPTN expressionand accelerated inflammation. Additional microRNAs identified that haveknown biological functions include: mmu-miR-148a, which targets Hox5Aand regulates p53, mmu-miR-298, which targets PTEN to regulate AKT), andmmmu-miR-223, which targets NFI-A to regulate granulocyticdifferentiation. Taken together, this data shows that specificmicroRNAs, such as mmu-miR-375, mmu-miR-148a, and mmmu-miR-223, aredifferentially regulated in the setting of rejection. This dataindicates the existence of a microRNA leukocyte signature that isdynamically associated with inflammation.

TABLE 1 Differentially regulated microRNAs (rejection vs control (P <0.01)) Log2 (Sample B/ No. Probe_ID WT Ctrl Rejection Sample A) 1mmu-miR-375 2,796.60 1.62 −10.80 2 mmu-miR-216 8,640.60 5.02 −10.68 3mmu-miR-217 4,202.86 2.67 −10.63 4 mmu-miR-200a 3,227.50 38.34 −6.33 5mmu-miR-200b 4,544.34 76.99 −5.99 6 mmu-miR-429 525.10 20.47 −4.69 7mmu-miR-200c 5,627.92 533.36 −3.45 8 mmu-miR-141 119.46 14.48 −3.13 9mmu-miR-134 78.25 550.25 2.84 10 mmu-miR-148a 29,783.96 4,384.91 −2.7611 mmu-miR-144 25.59 190.38 2.74 12 mmu-miR-466 23.99 164.73 2.65 13mmu-miR-7 346.06 2,098.99 2.56 14 mmu-miR-346 21.54 138.99 2.54 15mmu-miR-468 27.98 146.81 2.53 16 mmu-miR-188 205.16 969.29 2.30 17mmu-miR-152 5,299.79 1,086.64 −2.19 18 mmu-miR-298 104.12 474.59 2.19 19mmu-miR-182 296.80 71.81 −1.98 20 mmu-miR-99a 4,410.42 1,248.83 −1.81 21mmu-miR-467 58.38 231.79 1.78 22 mmu-miR-130a 7,011.46 2,195.77 −1.68 23mmu-miR-292-5p 1,002.17 3,007.66 1.62 24 mmu-miR-186 361.75 1,094.361.55 25 mmu-miR-486 1,635.36 4,205.21 1.46 26 mmu-miR-127 326.09 121.91−1.42 27 mmu-miR-100 2,856.59 1,072.46 −1.40 28 Mmu-miR-451 26,948.8267,199.76 1.32 29 Mmu-miR-18 509.93 1,174.74 1.26 30 Mmu-miR-25 3,575.448,550.36 1.26 31 Mmu-miR-223 3,453.25 7,984.72 1.20 32 Mmu-miR-199a4,827.74 2,274.21 −1.12 33 Mmu-miR-199b 2,338.46 1,141.34 −1.09 34Mmu-miR-320 3,951.96 8,389.89 1.08 35 Mmu-miR-125a 8,344.75 4,412.97−1.03 36 Mmu-miR-148b 546.18 1,170.21 1.00 37 Mmu-miR-22 10,046.844,750.97 −1.00 38 Mmu-miR-434-3p 380.84 189.60 −0.99 39 Mmu-miR-34a1,033.47 525.40 −0.94 40 Mmu-miR-21 20,551.74 38,697.55 0.94 41Mmu-miR-181c 593.20 296.90 −0.94 42 Mmu-miR-99b 3,403.22 1,830.55 −0.9043 Mmu-miR-151 218.77 395.72 0.88 44 Mmu-miR-301 457.30 815.52 0.84 45Mmu-miR-145 29,272.02 16,082.57 −0.83 46 Mmu-miR-125b 13,470.92 7,637.94−0.82 47 Mmu-miR-20 10,347.20 17,790.35 0.80 48 Mmu-miR-143 18,960.9410,575.46 −0.80 49 Mmu-miR-181a 14,532.91 8,671.34 −0.73 50 Mmu-miR-1852,900.34 4,396.69 0.64 51 Mmu-miR-142-3p 1,799.38 2,778.87 0.63 52Mmu-miR-126-3p 23,948.67 16,008.05 −0.59 53 Mmu-miR-17-5p 12,514.8218,339.27 0.58 54 Mmu-miR-23a 23,207.18 15,615.82 −0.57 55 Mmu-miR-106a7,001.21 9,913.03 0.57 56 Mmu-miR-24 16,342.98 11,038.96 −0.57 57Mmu-miR-93 6,735.00 9,551.19 0.56 58 Mmu-miR-195 11,202.71 7,795.37−0.56 59 Mmu-miR-221 4,347.18 6,418.13 0.55 60 Mmu-miR-290 3,014.374,337.68 0.55 61 mmu-miR-199a* 8,969.10 6,338.21 −0.55 62 mmu-miR-29c3,365.70 2,304.60 −0.55 63 mmu-miR-23b 24,429.36 16,820.77 −0.54 64mmu-miR-92 8,318.43 11,862.64 0.52 65 mmu-miR-19a 1,702.33 2,432.34 0.5166 mmu-miR-101a 2,795.12 2,141.54 −0.50 67 mmu-miR-324-5p 665.56 474.16−0.49 68 mmu-let-7b 23,243.38 16,632.63 −0.49 69 mmu-miR-424 1,235.911,712.95 0.48 70 mmu-miR-30c 23,043.20 15,913.93 −0.47 71 mmu-miR-984,053.61 5,642.67 0.44 72 mmu-miR-30b 20,837.35 14,935.67 −0.42 73mmu-miR-106b 7,710.73 10,271.22 0.41 74 mmu-miR-17-3p 711.64 943.97 0.4175 mmu-miR-342 8,793.40 11,718.79 0.39 76 mmu-miR-181b 4,095.46 3,222.04−0.35 77 mmu-miR-30e 6,598.59 7,782.69 0.34 78 mmu-miR-27a 10,562.817,979.07 −0.33 79 mmu-miR-222 2,343.61 2,955.75 0.33 80 mmu-miR-27b12,223.70 9,357.25 −0.33 81 mmu-miR-29b 11,935.48 9,499.93 −0.31 82mmu-miR-361 4,993.90 4,009.91 −0.31 83 mmu-miR-26a 33,714.99 27,005.08−0.31 84 mmu-miR-15b 16,445.03 19,901.34 0.29 85 mmu-miR-15a 11,141.4514,065.78 0.29 86 mmu-let-7c 28,882.94 23,380.52 −0.29 87 mmu-let-7d27,591.51 22,585.14 −0.29 88 mmu-miR-16 33,280.97 39,569.63 0.27 89mmu-miR-155 6,820.70 8,592.81 0.26 90 mmu-miR-150 31,416.60 26,536.55−0.25 91 mmu-miR-146 20,864.45 17,931.99 −0.20 92 mmu-miR-29a 30,320.9126,260.37 −0.18 93 mmu-let-7a 32,391.24 27,845.77 −0.16 94 mmu-miR-19b13,696.95 11,581.14 −0.16 95 mmu-miR-30a-5p 10,754.31 9,744.03 −0.15 96mmu-let-7g 24,316.37 22,311.07 −0.13

TABLE 2 Twenty differentially regulated microRNAs (rejection vs.controls(P < 0.01)) Signal log2 No. MicroRNA WT Rejection (WT/Rejection) 1mmu-miR-375 2796.60 1.62 −10.80 2 mmu-miR-216 8640.60 5.02 −10.68 3mmu-miR-217 4202.86 2.67 −10.63 4 mmu-miR-200a 3227.50 38.34 −6.33 5mmu-miR-200b 4544.34 76.99 −5.99 6 mmu-miR-429 525.10 20.47 −4.69 7mmu-miR-200c 5627.92 533.36 −3.45 8 mmu-miR-141 119.46 14.48 −3.13 9mmu-miR-134 78.25 550.25 2.84 10 mmu-miR-148a 29,783.96 4,384.91 −2.7611 mmu-miR-144 25.59 190.38 2.74 12 mmu-miR-466 23.99 164.73 2.65 13mmu-miR-7 346.06 2098.99 2.56 14 mmu-miR-346 21.54 138.99 2.54 15mmu-miR-468 27.98 146.81 2.53 16 mmu-miR-188 205.15 969.29 2.30 17mmu-miR-152 5299.79 1086.64 −2.19 18 mmu-miR-298 104.12 474.59 2.19 19mmu-miR-182 296.8 71.81 −1.98 20 mmu-miR-99a 4410.42 1248.83 −1.81

Other Embodiments

From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that variations andmodifications may be made to the invention described herein to adopt itto various usages and conditions. Such embodiments are also within thescope of the following claims.

The recitation of a listing of elements in any definition of a variableherein includes definitions of that variable as any single element orcombination (or subcombination) of listed elements. The recitation of anembodiment herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment orin combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

All patents, patent applications, and publications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each independent patent, patent application and publication wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

REFERENCES

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INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The entire contents of all patents, published patent applications andother references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated hereinin their entireties by reference.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to thespecific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered tobe within the scope of this invention and are covered by the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for identifying a subject as having, orhaving a propensity to develop, organ rejection, the method comprising:(i) transplanting an allogeneic organ into a subject in need thereof,(ii) measuring the expression of at least 20 miRNAs selected from thegroup consisting of: mmu-miR-134, (SEQ ID NO: 1) UGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGG,mmu-miR-144, (SEQ ID NO: 2) UACAGUAUAGAUGAUGUACUAG, mmu-miR-466,(SEQ ID NO: 3) AUACAUACACGCACACAUAAGAC, mmu-miR-7, (SEQ ID NO: 4)UGGAAGACUAGUGAUUUUGUUG, mmu-miR-346, (SEQ ID NO: 5)UGUCUGCCCGAGUGCCUGCCUCU, mmu-miR-468, (SEQ ID NO: 6)UAUGACUGAUGUGCGUGUGUCU, mmu-miR-188, (SEQ ID NO: 7)CAUCCCUUGCAUGGUGGAGGGU, mmu-miR-298, (SEQ ID NO: 8)GGCAGAGGAGGGCUGUUCUUCC, mmu-miR-467, (SEQ ID NO: 9)AUAUACAUACACACACCUACAC, mmu-miR-292-5p, (SEQ ID NO: 10)ACUCAAACUGGGGGCUCUUUUG, mmu-miR-186, (SEQ ID NO: 11)CAAAGAAUUCUCCUUUUGGGCUU, mmu-miR-486, (SEQ ID NO: 12)UCCUGUACUGAGCUGCCCCGAG, mmu-miR-451, (SEQ ID NO: 13)AAACCGUUACCAUUACUGAGUU, mmu-miR-18, (SEQ ID NO: 14)UAAGGUGCAUCUAGUGCAGAUA, mmu-miR-25, (SEQ ID NO: 15)CAUUGCACUUGUCUCGGUCUGA, mmu-miR-223 (SEQ ID NO: 16)UGUCAGUUUGUCAAAUACCCC, mmu-miR-320, (SEQ ID NO: 17)AAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGAA, mmu-miR-148b, (SEQ ID NO: 18)UCAGUGCAUCACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-21, (SEQ ID NO: 19)UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA, mmu-miR-124a, (SEQ ID NO: 20)UAAGGCACGCGGUGAAUGCC, mmu-miR-19a, (SEQ ID NO: 21)UGUGCAAAUCUAUGCAAAACUGA, mmu-miR-301 (SEQ ID NO: 22)CAGUGCAAUAGUAUUGUCAAAGC, mmu-miR-31, (SEQ ID NO: 23)AGGCAAGAUGCUGGCAUAGCUG, mmu-miR-20, (SEQ ID NO: 24)UAAAGUGCUUAUAGUGCAGGUAG, mmu-miR-29c, (SEQ ID NO: 25)UAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCGGU, mmu-miR-148a, (SEQ ID NO: 26)UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-17-5p, (SEQ ID NO: 27)CAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAGU, mmu-miR-185, (SEQ ID NO: 28)UGGAGAGAAAGGCAGUUC, mmu-miR-106a, (SEQ ID NO: 29)CAAAGUGCUAACAGUGCAGGUA, mmu-miR-106b, (SEQ ID NO: 30)UAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAU, mmu-miR-375, (SEQ ID NO: 31)UUUGUUCGUUCGGCUCGCGUGA, mmu-miR-216, (SEQ ID NO: 32)UAAUCUCAGCUGGCAACUGUG, mmu-miR-217, (SEQ ID NO: 33)UACUGCAUCAGGAACUGACUGGAU, mmu-miR-200a, (SEQ ID NO: 34)UAACACUGUCUGGUAACGAUGU, mmu-miR-200b, (SEQ ID NO: 35)UAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGAC, mmu-miR-429, (SEQ ID NO: 36)UAAUACUGUCUGGUAAUGCCGU, mmu-miR-200c, (SEQ ID NO: 37)UAAUACUGCCGGGUAAUGAUGG, mmu-miR-141 (SEQ ID NO: 38)UAACACUGUCUGGUAAAGAUGG, mmu-miR-148a, (SEQ ID NO: 39)UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-152, (SEQ ID NO: 40)UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGG, mmu-miR-182, (SEQ ID NO: 41)UUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACA, mmu-miR-99a, (SEQ ID NO: 42)ACCCGUAGAUCCGAUCUUGU, mmu-miR-130a, (SEQ ID NO: 43)CAGUGC AAUGUU AAAAGGGC AU, mmu-miR-127, (SEQ ID NO: 44)UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGC, mmu-miR-100, (SEQ ID NO: 45)AACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUG, mmu-miR-199a, (SEQ ED NO: 46)CCCAGUGUUCAGACU ACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-199b, (SEQ ED NO: 47)CCCAGUGUUU AGACU ACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-125a, (SEQ ED NO: 48)UCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUG, mmu-miR-22, (SEQ ID NO: 49)AAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGU, mmu-miR-434-3p, (SEQ ID NO: 50)UUUGAACCAUCACUCGACUCC, mmu-miR-34a, (SEQ ID NO: 51)UGGCAGUGUCUUAGCUGGUUGUU, mmu-miR-181c, (SEQ ID NO: 52)AACAUUCAACCUGUCGGUGAGU, mmu-miR-139, (SEQ ID NO: 53) UCUACAGUGCACGUGUCU,mmu-miR-130a, (SEQ ID NO: 54) CAGUGCAAUGUUAAAAGGGCAU, mmu-miR-322,(SEQ ID NO: 55) CAGCAGCAAUUCAUGUUUUGGA, mmu-miR-181a, (SEQ ID NO: 56)AACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU, mmu-miR-125a, (SEQ ID NO: 57)UCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUG, mmu-miR-200b, (SEQ ID NO: 58)UAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGAC, mmu-miR-145, (SEQ ID NO: 59)GUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCUU, mmu-miR-127, (SEQ ID NO: 60)UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGC, mmu-miR-199a, (SEQ ID NO: 61)CCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-425, (SEQ ID NO: 62)AUCGGGAAUGUCGUGUCCGCC, mmu-miR-99b, (SEQ ID NO: 63)CACCCGU AGAACCGACCUUGCG, mmu-let-7e, (SEQ ID NO: 64)UGAGGUAGGAGGUUGUAUAGU, mmu-miR-195, (SEQ ID NO: 65)UAGCAGCACAGAAAUAUUGGC, mmu-miR-152, (SEQ ID NO: 66)UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGG, mmu-miR-125b, (SEQ ID NO: 67)UCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGA, mmu-miR-187, (SEQ ID NO: 68)UCGUGUCUUGUGUUGCAGCCGG, mmu-miR-324-3p, (SEQ ID NO: 69)CCACUGCCCCAGGUGCUGCUGG, mmu-miR-150, (SEQ ID NO: 70)UCUCCCAACCCUUGUACCAGUG, mmu-miR-28, (SEQ ID NO: 71)AAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAUUGAG, and mmu-miR-143 (SEQ ID NO: 72)UGAGAUGAAGCACUGUAGCUCA,

in a biological sample from the subject, and (ii) calculating alteredexpression of the at least 20 miRNAs relative to a reference, therebyidentifying a subject as having, or having a propensity to develop,organ rejection.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one miRNAfrom the at least 20 miRNAs is selected from the group consisting of:miR-182, miR-467, miR-434-3p, miR-181a, miR-19a, and miR-375, wherein anincrease in the level of miR-467 or miR-19a or wherein a decrease in thelevel of miR-375, miR-182, miR-434-3p, or miR-181a indicates anincreased likelihood of organ rejection.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the transplanted organ is selected from the group consisting of:heart, kidney, liver, lung, and pancreas.
 4. The method of claim 3,wherein the transplanted organ is kidney.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein expression of at least one miRNA from the at least 20 miRNAs isincreased relative to the reference.
 6. The method of claim 1, whereinexpression of at least one miRNA from the at least 20 miRNAs isdecreased relative to the reference.
 7. The method of claim 1, whereinthe amount of expression is determined using a microarray.
 8. The methodof claim 7, wherein the microarray comprises any member from the groupconsisting of a: chip, plate, bead, and membrane.
 9. The method of claim1, wherein the biological sample is selected from the group consistingof: blood cells, biopsy specimens, urine cells/urine sediment, and cellsfound in sputum.
 10. A method for hybridizing one or more microRNAs in asample, the method comprising: (i) amplifying at least one miRNAobtained from a biological sample and selected from the group consistingof: mmu-miR-134, (SEQ ID NO: 1) UGUGACUGGUUGACCAGAGGGG, mmu-miR-144,(SEQ ID NO: 2) UACAGUAUAGAUGAUGUACUAG, mmu-miR-466, (SEQ ID NO: 3)AUACAUACACGCACACAUAAGAC, mmu-miR-7, (SEQ ID NO: 4)UGGAAGACUAGUGAUUUUGUUG, mmu-miR-346, (SEQ ID NO: 5)UGUCUGCCCGAGUGCCUGCCUCU, mmu-miR-468, (SEQ ID NO: 6)UAUGACUGAUGUGCGUGUGUCU, mmu-miR-188, (SEQ ID NO: 7)CAUCCCUUGCAUGGUGGAGGGU, mmu-miR-298, (SEQ ID NO: 8)GGCAGAGGAGGGCUGUUCUUCC, mmu-miR-467, (SEQ ID NO: 9)AUAUACAUACACACACCUACAC, mmu-miR-292-5p, (SEQ ID NO: 10)ACUCAAACUGGGGGCUCUUUUG, mmu-miR-186, (SEQ ID NO: 11)CAAAGAAUUCUCCUUUUGGGCUU, mmu-miR-486, (SEQ ID NO: 12)UCCUGUACUGAGCUGCCCCGAG, mmu-miR-451, (SEQ ID NO: 13)AAACCGUUACCAUUACUGAGUU, mmu-miR-18, (SEQ ID NO: 14)UAAGGUGCAUCUAGUGCAGAUA, mmu-miR-25, (SEQ ID NO: 15)CAUUGCACUUGUCUCGGUCUGA, mmu-miR-223 (SEQ ID NO: 16)UGUCAGUUUGUCAAAUACCCC, mmu-miR-320, (SEQ ID NO: 17)AAAAGCUGGGUUGAGAGGGCGAA, mmu-miR-148b, (SEQ ID NO: 18)UCAGUGCAUCACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-21, (SEQ ID NO: 19)UAGCUUAUCAGACUGAUGUUGA, mmu-miR-124a, (SEQ ID NO: 20)UAAGGCACGCGGUGAAUGCC, mmu-miR-19a, (SEQ ID NO: 21)UGUGCAAAUCUAUGCAAAACUGA, mmu-miR-301 (SEQ ID NO: 22)CAGUGCAAUAGUAUUGUCAAAGC, mmu-miR-31, (SEQ ID NO: 23)AGGCAAGAUGCUGGCAUAGCUG, mmu-miR-20, (SEQ ID NO: 24)UAAAGUGCUUAUAGUGCAGGUAG, mmu-miR-29c, (SEQ ID NO: 25)UAGCACCAUUUGAAAUCGGU, mmu-miR-148a, (SEQ ID NO: 26)UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-17-5p, (SEQ ID NO: 27)CAAAGUGCUUACAGUGCAGGUAGU, mmu-miR-185, (SEQ ID NO: 28)UGGAGAGAAAGGCAGUUC, mmu-miR-106a, (SEQ ID NO: 29)CAAAGUGCUAACAGUGCAGGUA, mmu-miR-106b, (SEQ ID NO: 30)UAAAGUGCUGACAGUGCAGAU, mmu-miR-375, (SEQ ID NO: 31)UUUGUUCGUUCGGCUCGCGUGA, mmu-miR-216, (SEQ ID NO: 32)UAAUCUCAGCUGGCAACUGUG, mmu-miR-217, (SEQ ID NO: 33)UACUGCAUCAGGAACUGACUGGAU, mmu-miR-200a, (SEQ ID NO: 34)UAACACUGUCUGGUAACGAUGU, mmu-miR-200b, (SEQ ID NO: 35)UAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGAC, mmu-miR-429, (SEQ ID NO: 36)UAAUACUGUCUGGUAAUGCCGU, mmu-miR-200c, (SEQ ID NO: 37)UAAUACUGCCGGGUAAUGAUGG, mmu-miR-141 (SEQ ID NO: 38)UAACACUGUCUGGUAAAGAUGG, mmu-miR-148a, (SEQ ID NO: 39)UCAGUGCACUACAGAACUUUGU, mmu-miR-152, (SEQ ID NO: 40)UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGG, mmu-miR-182, (SEQ ID NO: 41)UUUGGCAAUGGUAGAACUCACA, mmu-miR-99a, (SEQ ID NO: 42)ACCCGUAGAUCCGAUCUUGU, mmu-miR-130a, (SEQ ID NO: 43)CAGUGC AAUGUU AAAAGGGC AU, mmu-miR-127, (SEQ ID NO: 44)UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGC, mmu-miR-100, (SEQ ID NO: 45)AACCCGUAGAUCCGAACUUGUG, mmu-miR-199a, (SEQ ED NO: 46)CCCAGUGUUCAGACU ACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-199b, (SEQ ED NO: 47)CCCAGUGUUU AGACU ACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-125a, (SEQ ED NO: 48)UCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUG, mmu-miR-22, (SEQ ID NO: 49)AAGCUGCCAGUUGAAGAACUGU, mmu-miR-434-3p, (SEQ ID NO: 50)UUUGAACCAUCACUCGACUCC, mmu-miR-34a, (SEQ ID NO: 51)UGGCAGUGUCUUAGCUGGUUGUU, mmu-miR-181c, (SEQ ID NO: 52)AACAUUCAACCUGUCGGUGAGU, mmu-miR-139, (SEQ ID NO: 53) UCUACAGUGCACGUGUCU,mmu-miR-130a, (SEQ ID NO: 54) CAGUGCAAUGUUAAAAGGGCAU, mmu-miR-322,(SEQ ID NO: 55) CAGCAGCAAUUCAUGUUUUGGA, mmu-miR-181a, (SEQ ID NO: 56)AACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGU, mmu-miR-125a, (SEQ ID NO: 57)UCCCUGAGACCCUUUAACCUGUG, mmu-miR-200b, (SEQ ID NO: 58)UAAUACUGCCUGGUAAUGAUGAC, mmu-miR-145, (SEQ ID NO: 59)GUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCUU, mmu-miR-127, (SEQ ID NO: 60)UCGGAUCCGUCUGAGCUUGGC, mmu-miR-199a, (SEQ ID NO: 61)CCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC, mmu-miR-425, (SEQ ID NO: 62)AUCGGGAAUGUCGUGUCCGCC, mmu-miR-99b, (SEQ ID NO: 63)CACCCGU AGAACCGACCUUGCG, mmu-let-7e, (SEQ ID NO: 64)UGAGGUAGGAGGUUGUAUAGU, mmu-miR-195, (SEQ ID NO: 65)UAGCAGCACAGAAAUAUUGGC, mmu-miR-152, (SEQ ID NO: 66)UCAGUGCAUGACAGAACUUGGG, mmu-miR-125b, (SEQ ID NO: 67)UCCCUGAGACCCUAACUUGUGA, mmu-miR-187, (SEQ ID NO: 68)UCGUGUCUUGUGUUGCAGCCGG, mmu-miR-324-3p, (SEQ ID NO: 69)CCACUGCCCCAGGUGCUGCUGG, mmu-miR-150, (SEQ ID NO: 70)UCUCCCAACCCUUGUACCAGUG, mmu-miR-28, (SEQ ID NO: 71)AAGGAGCUCACAGUCUAUUGAG, and mmu-miR-143 (SEQ ID NO: 72)UGAGAUGAAGCACUGUAGCUCA,

in the presence of one or more fluorescent nucleotides to generate oneor more labeled cDNAs, wherein the biological sample is obtained from asubject having a transplanted organ, (ii) contacting the one or morelabeled cDNAs with one or more complementary oligonucleotides bound to amicroarray, and (ii) detecting conformational changes in the cDNA bydetecting the presence of at least one hybridization product, whereinthe at least one hybridization product is detected using a signal fromthe fluorescent nucleotides.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein atleast 20 miRNAs are amplified to produce at least 20 labeled miRNAs. 12.The method of claim 1, wherein the at least 20 miRNAs consistessentially of miR-375, miR-216, miR-217, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-429,miR-200c, miR-141, miR-134, miR-148a, miR-144, miR-466, miR-7, miR-346,miR-468, miR-188, miR-152, miR-298, miR-182, and miR-99a.